Mexican and American War on Drugs

Write paper on the Mexican and American War on Drugs.  3-4 pages, 800 words. MLA FORMAT. Research Paper.
 
Some details of the war:
 
Given its geographic location, Mexico has long been used as a staging and transshipment point for narcotics and contraband between Latin America and U.S. markets. Mexican bootleggers supplied alcohol to the United States gangsters throughout the duration of the Prohibition in the United States,[94] and the onset of illegal drug trade with the U.S. began when the prohibition came to an end in 1933.[94] Towards the end of the 1960s, Mexican narcotic smugglers started to smuggle drugs on a major scale.[94]
During the 1970s and early 1980s, Colombia‘s Pablo Escobar was the main exporter of cocaine and dealt with organized criminal networks all over the world. When enforcement efforts intensified in South Florida and the Caribbean, the Colombian organizations formed partnerships with the Mexico-based traffickers to transport cocaine through Mexico into the United States.[103]
This was easily accomplished because Mexico had long been a major source of heroin and cannabis, and drug traffickers from Mexico had already established an infrastructure that stood ready to serve the Colombia-based traffickers. By the mid-1980s, the organizations from Mexico were well-established and reliable transporters of Colombian cocaine. At first, the Mexican gangs were paid in cash for their transportation services, but in the late 1980s, the Mexican transport organizations and the Colombian drug traffickers settled on a payment-in-product arrangement.[104]
Transporters from Mexico usually were given 35% to 50% of each cocaine shipment. This arrangement meant that organizations from Mexico became involved in the distribution, as well as the transportation of cocaine, and became formidable traffickers in their own right. Currently, the Sinaloa Cartel and the Gulf Cartel have taken over trafficking cocaine from Colombia to the worldwide markets.[104]
The balance of power between the various Mexican cartels continually shifts as new organizations emerge and older ones weaken and collapse. A disruption in the system, such as the arrests or deaths of cartel leaders, generates bloodshed as rivals move in to exploit the power vacuum.[105] Leadership vacuums are sometimes created by law enforcement successes against a particular cartel, so cartels often will attempt to use law enforcement against one another, either by bribing Mexican officials to take action against a rival or by leaking intelligence about a rival’s operations to the Mexican government or the US Drug Enforcement Administration.[105]
While many factors have contributed to the escalating violence, security analysts in Mexico City trace the origins of the rising scourge to the unraveling of a longtime implicit arrangement between narcotics traffickers and governments controlled by the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), which lost its grip on political power starting in the late 1980s.[106]
The fighting between rival drug cartels began in earnest after the 1989 arrest of Miguel Ángel Félix Gallardo, who ran the cocaine business in Mexico.[107] There was a lull in the fighting during the late 1990s but the violence has steadily worsened since 2000.
PAN party Presidents[edit]
Before the year 2000, the center-to-left wing PRI party ruled Mexico for around 70 years, in this time drug cartels expanded their power and corruption, and anti-drug operations focused mainly in marijuana and opium crop destruction in mountain regions, any form of large-scale and high-profile military operations against their core structures in urban areas was never done, until the year 2000 regime change, when the right wing PAN party gained the presidency and started a crackdown on cartels in their own turf.
Presidency of Vicente Fox[edit]

Mexican soldiers tracking criminals’ marks in August 2010

In 2000 President Vicente Fox sent military troops to Nuevo Laredo to fight the cartels.[citation needed] It is estimated that about 110 people died in Nuevo Laredo between January and August 2005 as a result of the fighting between the Gulf and Sinaloa cartels.[108] In 2005 there was a surge again in violence as the La Familia Michoacana drug cartel established itself in Michoacán.
Presidency of Felipe Calderon[edit]
On December 11, 2006, then newly elected President Felipe Calderón sent 6,500 Mexican Army soldiers to the state of Michoacán to end drug violence there. This action is regarded as the first major retaliation made against the cartel violence, and is generally viewed as the starting point of the Mexican Drug War between the government and the drug cartels.[109] As time passed, Calderón continued to escalate his anti-drug campaign, in which there are now about 45,000 troops involved along with state and federal police forces.[110]

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