Cardiovascular Responses in Pathological Situations

Cardiovascular Responses in Pathological Situations
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Cardiovascular Responses in Pathological Situations
18.1 At high altitudes chronic arterial hypoxaemia causes
a. stimulation of arterial chemoreceptors.
b. an increase in the arteriovenous O2 difference.
c. depression of the cardiac output.
d. peripheral vasodilatation.
e. a fall in systemic arterial blood pressure.
f. a fall in pulmonary arterial blood pressure.
18.2 A patient in clinical shock (acute circulatory failure), due to a severe
haemorrhage, usually exhibits
a. a reduced central venous pressure.
b. a low mean arterial pressure, but normal pulse pressure.
c. a pronounced tachycardia.
d. an increased cardiac output.
e. a rise in total peripheral resistance.
18.3 In response to a severe haemorrhage,
a. baroreceptor activity declines.
b. arterial chemoreceptor activity declines.
c. venoatrial mechanoreceptor activity declines.
d. the skin is pale, cold and venoconstricted.
e. the haematocrit remains normal.
18.4 The responses to hypovolaemia may include
a. a fall in circulating noradrenaline and adrenaline concentration.
b. a glucose-mediated rise in interstitial fluid osmolarity.
c. a fall in circulating vasopressin level.
d. a fall in urine production.
e. thirst mediated by a rise in circulating natriuretic peptide.
18.5 When a person faints (syncope),
a. the heart rate abruptly increases.
b. the peripheral resistance increases sharply.
c. the mean arterial pressure falls below 70 mmHg.
d. cerebral blood flow is markedly reduced.
e. the patient should not be kept upright.
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