Pathophysiology Knowledge Check analysis

QUESTION 1 4
A 21-year-old male college student was brought to Student Health Services by his girlfriend who was concerned about changes in her boyfriends behaviors. The girlfriend says that recently he began hearing voices and believes everyone is out to get him. The student says he is unable to finish school because the voices told him he was not smart enough. The girlfriend relates episodes of unexpected rage and crying. Past medical history noncontributory but family history positive for a first cousin who had mental problems. Denies current drug abuse but states he smoked marijuana every day during his junior and senior years of high school. He admits to drinking heavily on weekends at various fraternity houses. Physical exam reveals thin, anxious disheveled male who, during conversations, stops talking, cocks his head and appears to be listening to something. There is poor eye contact and conversation is rambling.
Based on the observed behaviors and information from girlfriend, the APRN believes the student has schizophrenia.
Question 1 of 4:
Describe the positive symptoms of schizophrenia and relate those symptoms to the case study patient.
Question 2 of 4:
Explain the genetics of schizophrenia.
Question 3 of 4:
The APRN reviews recent literature and reads that neurotransmitters are involved in the development of schizophrenia. What roles do neurotransmitters play in the development of schizophrenia?
Question 4 of 4
The APRN reviews recent literature and reads that structural problems in the brain may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. Explain what structural abnormalities are seen in people with schizophrenia.
QUESTION 1 6
A 34-year-old female was brought to the Urgent Care Center by her husband who is very concerned about the changes he has seen in his wife for the past 3 months. He states that his wife has had been depressed and irritable, has complaints of extreme fatigue, has lost 10 pounds and has had insomnia. He has come home from work to find his wife sitting in front of the TV and not moving for hours. In the past few days, she suddenly has become very hyperactive, has been talking incessantly, has been easily distracted and seems to flit from one thing to another.. She hasnt slept in 3 days. The wife went on an excessive shopping spree for new clothes that resulted in their credit card being denied for exceeding the line of credit. The wife is unable to sit in the exam room and is currently pacing the hallway muttering to herself and is reluctant to talk with or be examined the ARNP. Physical observation shows agitated movements, rapid fire speech, and hyperactivity. Based on the history and observable symptoms, the APRN suspects that the patient has bipolar type 2 disorder. The APRN refers the patient and husband to the Psychiatric Mental Health Nurse Practitioner for evaluation and treatment.
Question 1 of 6:
Discuss the role genetics plays in the development of bipolar 2 disorders.
Question 2 of 6:
Explain how the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) system may be associated with bipolar type 2 disease.
Question 3 of 6:
Discuss the role inflammatory cytokines play in the development and exacerbation of bipolar type 2 symptoms
Question 4 of 6:
Discuss the role of the amygdala in bipolar disorder.
Question 5 of 6:
How does neurochemical dysregulation contribute to bipolar disorders?
Question 6 of 6:
What is the current status of the use of nutraceuticals in management of depression?
QUESTION 1 2
A 27-year-old female presents to the Emergency Room, with a chief complaint of palpitations, rapid heart rate, sweating, tremors, and inability to catch her breath. The symptoms started about 10 hour ago and have gotten worse. She states she has some chest pain that remains constant no matter what. She also has numbness and tingling around her mouth and lips. She says she knows something terrible is going to happen. She denies having any similar episode in the past. Past medical history noncontributory. Social history significant for recent stressor of applying for medical school and taking the Medical College Admission Test (MCAT). She had not received the results prior to the episode but is sure that the failed the test. Says she doesnt know if anyone else in her family has had similar episodes. Physical exam reveals a thin, anxious appearing female who is profusely sweating despite cool ambient air temperature. BP 176/88, Pulse 136, and respirations 26. Electrocardiogram negative for evidence of myocardial infarction and all lab data within normal limits except for mild respiratory alkalosis. The patients symptoms are subsiding and the patient states she is feeling better. The APRN suspects the patient has just experienced a panic attack.
Question 1 of 2: